Nature-Versus-Nurture Discussion

Annie Murphy Paul’s article 'Child stuff: Do guardians truly matter?' plots the discoveries of a profoundly questionable examination on the job of nature and support in children’s instruction. The article expresses that a gathering of specialists from George Washington University and the Institute of Psychiatry in London have discovered that the job of guardians is in reality a lot littler than initially suspected. The predetermination of a kid relies upon the hereditary cosmetics that thus inspires reactions from the earth. Parental impacts can have little impact on the child’s demeanor. The kind of demeanor (enthusiastic, irascible, melancholic, and indifferent, or their blend) is intrinsic and doesn't permit of genuine later impacts. Guardians can shape the child’s character, ingraining certain social qualities and standards, yet they can barely be required to a genuine effect on the personality. Related exposition: Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Answers By and large, the investigation canvassed in Annie Murphy Paul’s article (1998) ascribes more significance to the alleged â€Å"evocative quality condition correlations†. She expresses that these relationships incorporate reactions from the earth to a specific hereditary organization. This implies an individual is in a manner â€Å"asking† for predetermination, utilizing the pre-decided variables to trigger a natural response. Guardians under such a point of view just have impact since they are inciting this response, and in the degree their reactions can characterize a child’s improvement. In this regard, it is intriguing to think about parental impacts on embraced kids. In such families, the hereditary cosmetics of guardians and children is totally random, and the impact of hereditary qualities could be much more prominent. The job of guardians regardless can comprise in alleviating the negative indications of the child’s hereditary legacy. The more guardians can find out about the child’s hereditary qualities, the better they can be set up to build up the kid in the correct manner. Reference Paul, A.M. (1998, February). Child stuff: Do guardians truly matter? Brain science Today 31(1), pp. 46-51. Â

Kahirapan

Smoke From Wikipedia, the free reference book For different utilizations, see Smoke (disambiguation). Smoke from a honey bee smoker, utilized inbeekeeping the smoke of consuming tungsten in alightbulb Smoke is an assortment of airborne strong and fluid particulates and gases[l] transmitted when a material experiences ignition or pyrolysis, along with the amount of air that is entrained or in any case blended into the mass.It is ordinarily an undesirable result of flames (counting ovens, candles, oil lights, and chimneys), however may likewise be utilized for bother control (fumigation), correspondence (smoke signals), cautious and ffensive capacities in the military (distraction), cooking (smoked salmon), or smoking (tobacco, cannabis, and so forth ). Smoke is utilized in customs, when incense, sage, or pitch is scorched to create a smell for otherworldly purposes. Smoke is here and there utilized as an enhancing specialist, and additive for different foodstuffs.Smoke is likewise a s egment of inward burning motor fumes gas, especially diesel fumes. Smoke inward breath is the essential driver of death in casualties of indoor flames. The smoke executes by a mix of warm harm, harming andpulmonary disturbance caused y carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and other burning items. Smoke particles are an airborne (or fog) of strong particles and fluid beads that are near the perfect scope of sizes for Mie dispersing of obvious light.This impact has been compared to three-dimensional finished protection glass[citation needed] † a smoke cloud doesn't block a picture, however altogether scrambles it. Substance [hide] 1 Chemical piece 1. 1 Visible and undetectable particles of burning 2 Dangers of smoke 2. 1 Smoke consumption 3 Secondhand smoke inward breath 4 Measurement of smoke 5 Medicinal smoke 6 See likewise 7 References External connections Chemical composition[edit] This segment needs extra references for confirmation. If it's not too much trouble help improve t his article by adding references to dependable sources. Unsourced material might be tested and expelled. April 2011) The arrangement of smoke relies upon the idea of the consume at a high temperature and with modest quantity of smoke delivered; the particles are for the most part made out of debris, or with enormous temperature contrasts, of consolidated vaporized of water. High temperature additionally prompts creation of nitrogen oxides. Sulfur content yields sulfur dioxide, or if there should be an occurrence of deficient ignition, hydrogen sulfide. Carbon and hydrogen are totally oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Flames igniting with absence of oxygen produce an altogether more extensive palette of mixes, a significant number of them toxic.Partial oxidation of carbon produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen-containing materials can yield hydrogen cyanide, alkali, and nitrogen oxides. Hydrogen gas can be delivered rather than water. Substance of incandescent light, for example, chl orine (e. g. in polyvinyl chloride or brominated fire retardants) may prompt creation of e. g. hydrogen chloride, phosgene,dioxin, and chloromethane, bromomethane and different halocarbons. Hydrogen fluoride can e framed from fluorocarbons, regardless of whether fluoropolymers exposed to fire or halocarbon fire concealment operators. 2] Phosphorus and antimony oxides and their response items can be shaped from some fire retardant added substances, expanding smoke poisonousness and destructiveness. Pyrolysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), e. g. from consuming more established transformer oil, and to bring down degree likewise of other chlorine-containing materials, can deliver a powerful cancer-causing agent, and other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e. g. teflon, in nearness of oxygen yields carbonyl fluoride (which hydrolyzes promptly to HF and C02); ther mixes might be framed also, e. g. arbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and exceptionally harmful perfluoroisobutene Emission of residue from an enormous dieseltruck, without molecule channels. Pyrolysis of consuming material, particularly inadequate ignition or seething without sufficient oxygen gracefully, likewise brings about creation of a lot of hydrocarbons, both aliphatic (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene) and fragrant (benzene and its derivates, polycyclic sweet-smelling hydrocarbons; e. g. benzo[a]pyrene, concentrated as a cancer-causing agent, or retene), terpenes. Heterocyclic mixes might be additionally present.Heavier hydrocarbons may gather as tar; smoke with huge tar content is yellow to brown. Nearness of such smoke, residue, as well as earthy colored slick stores during a fire demonstrates a potential perilous circumstance, as the environment might be soaked with ignitable pyrolysis items with fixation over the upper combustibility limit, and unexpected inrush of air can cause flashover or fiery surge. Nearness of sulfur can prompt arrangement of e. g. hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, and thiols; particularly thiols will in general get adsorbed on surfaces and produce an ingering smell even long after the fire.Partial oxidation of the discharged hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of different mixes: aldehydes (e. g. formaldehyde, acrolein, and furfural), ketones, alcohols (frequently fragrant, e. g. phenol, guaiacol, syringol, catechol, and cresols), carboxylic acids (formic corrosive, acidic corrosive, and so forth ). The obvious particulate issue in such smokes is most regularly made out of carbon (ash). Different particulates might be made out of drops of dense tar, or strong particles of debris. The nearness of metals in the fuel yields e. g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or sodium chloride.Inorganic salts present on the outside of the residue particles may make themhydrophilic. Numerous natural mixes, regularly the sweet-smelling hydrocarbons, might be likewise adsorbed on the outside of the strong particles. Metal oxides can be available when metal-containing energizes are scorched, e. g. strong rocket fills containing aluminum. Exhausted uranium shots subsequent to affecting the objective light, creating particles of uranium oxides. Attractive particles, spherules of magnetite-like ferrous ferric oxide, are available in coal smoke; their expansion in stores after 1860 imprints the start of the Industrial Revolution. ] (Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be additionally delivered in the smoke from shooting stars consuming in the climate. ) [5] Magnetic remanence, recorded in the iron oxide particles, demonstrates the quality of Earth's attractive field when they were cooled past their Curie temperature; this can be utilized to recognize attractive particles of earthbound and fleeting starting point. [6] Fly debris is made for the most part out of silicaand calcium oxide. Cenospheres are available in smoke from fluid hydrocarbon fills. Minute metal par ticles delivered by scraped spot can be available in motor smokes.Amorphous silica particles are available n smokes from consuming silicones; little extent of silicon nitride particles can be shaped in flames with deficient oxygen. The silica particles have around 10 nm size, clustered to 70-100 nm totals and further agglomerated to chains. [3] Radioactive particles might be available because of hints of uranium, thorium, or different radionuclides in the fuel; hot particles can be available if there should be an occurrence of flames during atomic mishaps (e. g. Chernobyl calamity) or atomic war. Smoke particulates have three methods of molecule size appropriation: cores mode, with geometric mean span between 2. 20 nm, likely shaping by buildup of carbon moieties. gathering mode, going between 75-250 nm and framed by coagulation of cores mode particles coarse mode, with particles in micrometer extend Most of the smoke material is basically in coarse particles. Those experience fast dry precipitation, and the smoke harm in progressively far off zones outside of the room where the fire happens is along these lines principally intervened by the littler particles. [7] Aerosol of particles past noticeable size is an early marker of materials in a preignition phase of a fire. 3] Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces water; this esults in smoke containing beads of water fume. Without other shading sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates†¦ ), such smoke is white and cloud-like. Smoke discharges may contain trademark follow components. Vanadium is available in emanations from oil terminated force plants and treatment facilities; oil plants additionally transmit some nickel. Coal combustionproduces emanations containing aluminum, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, mercury, sel enium, and uranium. Hints of vanadium in high-temperature burning items structure beads of liquid vanadates.These assault the passivation layers on metals and ause high temperature cons umption, which is a worry particularly for inside ignition motors. Liquid sulfate and lead particulates additionally have such impact. A few parts of smoke are normal for the ignition source. Guaiacol and its subordinates are results of pyrolysis of lignin and are normal for wood smoke; different markers aresyringol and derivates, and of backwoods fires. Levoglucosan is a pyrolysis result of cellulose. Hardwood vssoftwood smokes contrast in the proportion of guaiacols/syringols.Markers for vehicle exhaust incorporate polycyclic fragrant hydrocarbons, hopanes, steranes, and explicit nitroarenes (e. . I-nitropyrene). The proportion of hopanes and steranes to essential carbon can be utilized to recognize discharges of fuel and diesel motors. [8] Many mixes can be related with particulates; regardless of whether by being adsorbed on their surfaces, or by being disintegrated in fluid beads. Hydrogen chloride is very much ingested in the ash particles. [7] Inert particulate issue can be u pset and entrained into the smoke. Of specific concern are particles of asbestos.Deposited hot particles of radioactive aftermath and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the environment y out of control fires and woodland fires; this is a worry in e. g. the Zone of alienationcontaining contaminants from the Chernobyl catastrophe. Polymers are a huge wellspring of smoke. Fragrant side gatherings, e. g. in polystyrene, upgrade age of smoke. Sweet-smelling bunches coordinated in the po

How to Self-Publish an eBook

How to Self-Publish an eBook When you decide to publish your book, you have several options for what medium and what distribution channels to use. While many authors think only of the traditional paper bound books, eBooks are becoming more and more popular by the day. With new apps for phones, iPads, tablets, and other reading devices which have become everyday items for almost every age group, choosing the eBook path is a smart option.eBooks are less expensive and faster to market, and they are more accessible to readers. Plus, you, as the author, are able to control much more of the process than you would with a traditional paperback or hardback print.Why choose eBooks?Lets first discuss why going the eBook route is a very good idea for people who are self-publishing. Typically, with hardback and paperback prints, an author can expect to get from 4% to 10% of the list price for each book sold. If youre publishing your own book, however, youll have to make up the upfront costs before you can really count anythi ng as a profit.With eBooks, the upfront costs are minimal and you receive up to 50% of the list price for each book sold. This is a pretty compelling reason to self-publish an eBook! On top of the much bigger commission, the time it takes to get your book to the masses is much shorter. Printing books on paper can take from six weeks to four months to get your book from your desk to a retailer for sale. With an eBook, the time to market is only a fraction of that time.eBooks are the books of the future. While those of us who love the tactile sensation of turning physical pages as we become engrossed in a story are sad to see the decline in paperbacks and hardbacks, eBooks are here to stay and will take us into the future.This can be a good thing, though, when you publish your eBook. If your book can go or be anywhere within mere moments, then your reader base can jump in size exponentially. So really, eBooks are basically your only choice to reach as many people as possible.Choose yo ur platform: How to format your eBookWe all like choices. We want to feel like we are in control of our life and our destiny. So, when it comes to choosing a format for your eBook, why does it seem like such a chore? Well, I say it doesnt have to be. With the low cost of entry for eBooks, you can choose more than one option. Here is a quick list of popular eBook formats.ePub This is the basic technical standard for eBooks. It was developed by the International Digital Publishing Forum. eBooks in this format can be read by almost any eBook reader, from the Amazon Kindle Fire and Barnes Nobles Nook to Apples iBooks app and Google Books app. Since it is a standard in the industry, this format has become the most widespread eBook format. There are many free online tools that will convert your .doc (Word) files into the ePub format.iBook Apple created their own eBook format called iBook. This is based on the ePub standard and has restrictions on where you can sell. These eBooks can only be sold on Apple devices.PDF This format is structured around the standard Portable Document Format that was created by Adobe. Many programs have PDF creation capabilities built in, so creating documents in this format is probably the easiest.Amazon Kindle This format is called KDP, or Kindle Direct Publishing. This format has some HTML and CSS3 built into it, which can help your eBook to look good on Kindle devices.First decide what platform you want to sell your book on, and then choose a format that will fit that platform and the devices that you think people will use to read your book. You could even create a website that is your book. Building an HTML5 website is much easier today than it used to be now that there are websites designed to help you to create your own site with minimal or no programming experience.Preparing your manuscriptOne aspect of getting ready to self-publish that many authors either ignore or dont think they have the resources for is editing. Having a pro fessional editor go through your manuscript to eliminate inconsistencies, typos, formatting issues, and more is an essential part of your eBooks success. It is well-known that its nearly impossible to fully edit your own writing, so having a neutral party examine your writing is a must. If you dont have the resources to hire a professional editor, then there are some other options to help you to still get some of the benefits from this step.Get a friend to read the eBook. If you have a friend who reads a lot or has experience with your genre, ask her to help you out by reading the book. Take her notes and implement the changes you feel improve your book.After taking a short break from the material, take your text away from where you normally write and read through it again. This will help give some separation between you and the text, which helps errors to pop out at you more clearly.Read the text in a different format than you normally would. For example, you could print the pages out on paper and read them, using a pen or a pencil to make notes on things you catch. You could also change the font size to something much larger than you have been using, which will cause misspellings and typos to more easily jump out from the page.Hire an editor to go through just the first couple of chapters. Take what they find in those chapters and use that knowledge to look for specific things. For example, they might find that a certain word is misspelled often or maybe you used two different names for the same character. Having a specific idea of what to look for will help you to self-edit the rest of the book.Read the manuscript from the ending to the beginning. By taking sentences out of context or order or by looking at each word on its own, your brain will disengage from its normal process of filling in the blanks. Instead of skipping over words that may be misspelled, those errors will become apparent to you.Using imagesIf your book has a lot of pictures or drawings, then you will want to first make sure that you have the right permissions to use those images. If they are your own photographs or drawings, then copyright isnt something you need to worry about. If you have downloaded the images from a stock photo website, then youll want to make sure you have the correct license.If you are creating a comic book or a graphic novel, then a tool like Amazons Kindle Comic Creator might be a good option for you. This tool was designed specifically for formatting books with comic images.With childrens books, you also need to use a tool that can help you to properly format the images with the text so that it comes across clearly on electronic book readers. Amazon also has a tool specifically for childrens books that is called the Kindle Kids Book Creator.Designing a coverWe all know the old saying Dont judge a book by its cover. But in this modern day of digital print and marketing, the cover makes a huge difference in whether or not someone clicks on yo ur book to buy it. Just like with advertisements, the book cover must stand out on many screen sizes.Regardless of what genre your book is in, your readers and potential readers should know almost immediately what your book is about. Here are some of the main tips to create an effective eBook cover design.If you can afford it, hire a graphic designer, such as one from ServiceScape.com, or use a design competition site to have designers give you their ideas for a cover based on your story synopsis. Telling someone else about your story and having them show you what images that brings into their mind will help you to identify what the cover should show. Is it a true representation of the main character? Should the focus be on the setting of the story? Or are there symbols and ideas that are the main concepts of your book?Consider your font carefully. While some of the flowy, curvy fonts are fun to look at, people browsing on Amazon arent going to be able to read it. Even though the ti tle of your book will be there, viewers eyes are drawn to the picture first. Make it stand out!Once you have a design, test it out in a size similar to what you see on Amazon or other eBook stores, such as Barnes Noble and iBook, to make sure it can stand out in the list of books. If the image isnt clearly communicating the topic of your book when its in a small size, then book browsers are likely to pass right over it.All of the above are wrapped into one main concept: keep it simple. You dont want to have an image with a hundred different things going on. You want something that very clearly and instantly shows the main point of your book.Gather your informationWhen you feel ready to submit your manuscript to an eBook publisher, be sure that you have all the necessary information with you.Book Title This needs to be exactly as it is on the cover.Sub-titles You dont have to have a sub-title, but this can be a good place to include keywords that will be searchable.Description This will be just like the synopsis you would normally see on the back cover of a paperback. Be sure it includes the main topic of the story, maybe one or two main characters, and a twist or a catch that grabs the readers attention.Contributors This is usually the place where you would put your name as the author, and any additional co-authors, translators, editors, etc.Keywords If there is an option to enter keywords, you will definitely want to take advantage of this option. These will act just like keywords for a websiteâ€"this is how people can easily find your book.One final note before you publish is to carefully consider the price of your book. Make sure its in a good range for the genre and platform, and be sure that you feel it is a price you feel comfortable with. Dont sell yourself short, but dont alienate readers by setting the price too high. Do some research on what is out there already, and you will have the right information to set your own perfect price.

Quotes to Celebrate Friendship Day

True friendship stands the test of time. You might be separated by geographical boundaries and distances. But when your  best friend calls, you can transcend any physical or mental boundary. Childhood friends have a special bond with you. They knew you before you became worldly wise, were there in your childhood and teenage years and knew your family. They share your past. Friends you make as an adult see the full blooming of your soul, wit, and heart and are friends in many dimensions. They celebrate your highs and are there to sympathize with your lows. Friendship, like any other relationship, requires care and attention. On Friendship Day, strengthen your friendship with your close buddies. In the spirit of the festival, exchange a token of love share a meaningful quote and raise a toast to a wonderful bond.   Mary Catherwood Two may talk together under the same roof for many years, yet never really meet, and two others at first speech are old friends. C. S. Lewis Friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like art ... it has no survival value; rather is one of those things that give value to survival. Claude Mermet Friends are like melons; shall I tell you why? To find one good you must one hundred try. Dag Hammarskjold Friendship needs no words. John Evelyn Friendship is the golden thread that ties the heart of all the world. Pietro Aretino I keep my friends as misers do their treasure, because, of all the things granted us by wisdom, none is greater or better than friendship. Robert Alan The rain may be falling hard outside,But your smile makes it all alright.Im so glad that youre my friend.I know our friendship will never end. Lord Byron Friendship is love without his wings. Solomon Ibn Gabirol My friend is he who will tell me my faults in private. Kahil Gibran Your friend is your needs answered.Let there be no purpose in friendship save the deepening of the spirit. Eustace Budgell Friendship is a strong and habitual inclination in two persons to promote the good and happiness of one another. Charles Peguy Love is rarer than genius itself. And friendship is rarer than love. Mary Dixon Thayer It is not what you give your friend, but what you are willing to give him that determines the quality of friendship. Edward Bulwer-Lytton One of the surest evidences of friendship that one individual can display to another is telling him gently of a fault. If any other can excel it, it is listening to such a disclosure with gratitude and amending the error. Cindy Lew Remember, the greatest gift is not found in a store nor under a tree, but in the hearts of true friends.

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Toefl Essay Topic Samples

What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Toefl Essay Topic Samples The New Fuss About Toefl Essay Topic Samples Once you receive an idea, the practice of writing will be much simpler. Many students have trouble thinking of certain examples, but it's a valuable part of great writing. The writing test usually requires an hour to complete. By being prepared, needless to say! If you've visited the school, reference your visit to demonstrate you've made an attempt to learn more regarding the school. 1 way a student can approach the endeavor is to search for different kinds of question. Also observe the address of the school together with the essence of the work you plan to submit an application for. The ways students ought to be taught about their well-being. To acquire the greatest scores, you are going to need three different, well-written reasons together with specific information. Business people are using social media sites to construct their careers, promote their company and grow their reputations. As a consequence, you can want to practice writing dozens and dozens of responses to produce meaningful improvement. For the second job, you are going to be presented with two options and will need to generate a choice between both of them. The 30-Second Trick for Toefl Essay Topic Samples An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is definitely better to start with writing about topics you've already read about and formed opinions on. Nonetheless, the topics will most likely be very similar overall. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. TOEFL raters study your capacity to create various forms of sentences. In addition, you would have to prepare and study hard for your tests to attain a high score. Nowadays you know the forms of writing prompts that will show up on the TOEFL exam. Being aware of what graders are interested in and reviewing TOEFL Writing samples can go a very long way towards assisting you to get a high score on this section. 168 TOEFL Essay Writing is attempting to fix these issues. One of the most difficult sections to prep for on the TOEFL may be the essay. The Toefl Essay Topic Samples Stories As soon as you know you're in a negotiating situation, you want to assemble information regarding the other side's offer and utilize it to refine your own. Like the very first job, after making your choice you will need to support that decision with specific examples. A simple means to start your research is to think of a famous individual or event which you would like to find out more about. Moreover, the regular manner of recommendation letters is entirely different in Asian education systems, which causes a letter that may feel very foreign to US admissions o fficers. Again, usually you are going to have to choose between two opposite arguments. Then you'll need to write about both passages. Secondly, naturally, you require good English! You don't have to be a grammar expert, but you need to demonstrate sentence variety. You may make use of these examples to find a clearer idea of what a high-scoring essay appears like and what graders are interested in on the Writing section. These essay thesis statement examples are grouped based on the form of thesis. Students often discover that the majority of their work on those essays is done before they even begin writing. You will be able to take notes as you listen to it though. You're permitted to take notes on the lecture also. Additional in addition, there are several general skills required for the essay format. New Step by Step Roadmap for Toefl Essay Topic Samples Within this section you will locate samples of essays belonging to several essay types and manners of formatting. The following two sections will explain the format and requirements of every one of the writing tasks along with how they'll be scored. In y our cover letter, don't let your contents appear like you're already writing down your lesson program. Likewise don't forget that every student differs and creative approaches can likewise be highly helpful. Therefore, many students and employees decide to get low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. Receive your free writing evaluation today! Understanding how to compose a cover letter the suitable way is as necessary as grooming your very own physical appearance. Also, an expected client might use matter from this kind of essay. You should think of a notion and offer some evidence. You should give reasons that support your choice. Be free to use different books if my advice doesn't work for you. Speaking about your opinions will ensure it is simpler to write about them. It's advisable that you just choose the topic that you are able to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you need to better not elect for it. The topic is going to be a comprehensive surprise.

Functions of Human Resource Management Free Essays

Functions of Human Resource Management: Human Resource Management involves the development of a perfect blend between traditional administrative functions and the well-being of all employees within an organization. Employee retention ratio is directly proportionate to the manner in which the employees are treated, in return for their imparted skills and experience. A Human Resource Manager ideally empowers inter-departmental employee relationships and nurtures scope for down-the-rung employee communication at various levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of Human Resource Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The field is a derivative of System Theory and Organizational Psychology. Human resources has earned a number of related interpretations in time, but continues to defend the need to ensure employee well-being. Every organization now has an exclusive Human Resource Management Department to interact with representatives of all factors of production. The department is responsible for the development and application of ongoing research on strategic advances while hiring, terminating and training staff. The Human Resource Management Department is responsible for: * Understanding and relating to employees as individuals, thus identifying individual needs and career goals. Developing positive interactions between workers, to ensure collated and constructive enterprise productivity and development of a uniform  organizational culture. * Identify areas that suffer lack of knowledge and insufficient training, and accordingly provide remedial measures in the form of workshops and seminars. * Generate a rostrum for all employees to express their goals and provide th e necessary resources to accomplish professional and personal agendas, essentially in that order. * Innovate new operating practices to minimize risk and generate an overall sense of belonging and accountability. Recruiting the required workforce and making provisions for expressed and promised payroll and benefits. * Implementing resource strategies to subsequently create and sustain competitive advantage. * Empowerment of the organization, to successfully meet strategic goals by managing staff effectively. Ideally, a Human Resource Management Department is responsible for an interdisciplinary examination of all staff members in the workplace. This strategy calls for applications from diverse fields such as  psychology, paralegal studies, industrial engineering, sociology, and a critical understanding of theories ertaining to post-modernism and industrial structuralism. The department bears the onus of converting the available task-force or hired individuals into strategic busine ss partners. This is achieved via dedicated Change Management and focused Employee Administration. The HR functions with the sole goal of  motivating  and encouraging the employees to prove their mettle and add value to the company. This is achieved via various  management  processes like workforce planning and recruitment, induction and orientation of hired task-force and  employee training, administration and appraisals . Definition of SHRM Strategic human resource management can be defined as the linking of human resources with strategic goals and objectives in order to improve business performance and develop organizational culture that foster innovation, flexibility and competitive advantage. In an organisation SHRM means accepting and involving the HR function as a strategic partner in the formulation and implementation of the company’s strategies through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel. How SHRM differs from HRM In the last two decades there has been an increasing awareness that HR functions were like an island unto itself with softer people-centred values far away from the hard world of real business. In order to justify its own existence HR functions had to be seen as more intimately connected with the strategy and day to day running of the business side of the enterprise. Many writers in the late 1980s, started clamoring for a more strategic approach to the management of people than the standard practices of traditional management of people or industrial relations models. Strategic human resource management focuses on human resource programs with long-term objectives. Instead of focusing on internal human resource issues, the focus is on addressing and solving problems that effect people management programs in the long run and often globally. Therefore the primary goal of strategic human resources is to increase employee productivity by focusing on business obstacles that occur outside of human resources. The primary actions of a strategic human resource manager are to identify key HR areas where strategies can be implemented in the long run to improve the overall mployee motivation and productivity. Communication between HR and top management of the company is vital as without active participation no cooperation is possible. Key Features of Strategic Human Resource Management The key features of SHRM are * There is an explicit linkage between HR policy and practices and overall organizational strategic aims and the organizational environment * There is some organizing schema linking individual HR interventions so that they are mutually supportive * Much of the responsibility for the management of human resources is devolved down the line Frederick Herzberg Factor Hygiene and Motivation Theory Frederick Herzberg, contributed to human relations and motivation two theories of motivation as follows: * Hygiene Theory * Motivation Herzbergs’ first component in his approach to motivation theory involves what are known as the hygiene factors and includes the work and organizational environment. These hygiene factors include: * The organization * Its policies and its administration * The kind of supervision (leadership and management, including perceptions) which people receive while on the job * Working conditions (including ergonomics) * Interpersonal relations Salary * Status * Job security These factors do not lead to higher levels of motivation but without them there is dissatisfaction. The second component in Herzbergs†™ motivation theory involves what people actually do on the job and should be engineered into the jobs employees do in order to develop intrinsic motivation with the workforce. The motivators are * Achievement * Recognition * Growth / advancement * Interest in the job These factors result from internal instincts in employees, yielding motivation rather than movement. Both these approaches (hygiene and motivation) must be done simultaneously. Treat people as best you can so they have a minimum of dissatisfaction. Use people so they get achievement, recognition for achievement, interest, and responsibility and they can grow and advance in their work. Therefore, the hygiene and motivation factors can be listed as follows: Hygiene * Company policies and administration * Supervision * Working conditions and interpersonal relations * Salary, status and security Motivators * Achievement * Recognition for achievement * Interest in the task * Responsibility for enlarged task * Growth and advancement to higher level tasks Effects on Individuals of Working Environment The working environment has an effect on individuals as follows: * It will provide at least sufficient for his basic needs and often much more. For example, 50 years ago in the United Kingdom, food and shelter were a person’s basic needs. Today, most families will consider that the basic needs also include a car, television, overseas holiday, etc. * It may or may not provide adequate security. Again, most individuals seek a secure job, there are others including some men on oil rigs, who seek high pay for a limited period but with limited security. It provides an individual with an identity. As a member of an organization, he carries out a specific function. * It also gives the worker comradeship, freedom from boredom, and an interest during his working life. * It also provides self-fulfillment for individual where consideration has been given to ensure that the job is creative and gives job satisfaction. * It provides the individu al with status. There is a status in all jobs providing the job content is investigated to make the work more interesting. Effects on Work Groups of Working Environment Rensis Likert has already described how the various management styles in an organization can effect the groups in an organization. Whilst the working environment will affect individuals, it will undoubtedly have a greater effect on working groups, since whilst an individual may have certain needs, he will not obtain those needs if the working environment does not provide the needs of the working group. The working group is the instrument of society through which in large measure the individual acquires his attitudes, opinions, goals and ideals, it is also one of the fundamental sources of discipline and social controls. Therefore, the working environment has an effect on groups as follows: * It will affect the morale of the group. * It will determine whether the group achieves the objectives set by the organization. * It will determine whether the degree of cooperation provided by the group * It will motivate the group to give of their best. * It will determine whether the human relations within an organization are good or bad. * It will also affect the relations between management and trade unions. SWOT Analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firm’s resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. The following diagram shows how a SWOT analysis fits into an environmental scan: SWOT Analysis Framework Environmental Scan| |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Internal Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚  |   Ã‚  Ã‚  External Analysis| /   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  / | Strengths  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weaknesses  Ã‚  Ã‚  |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Opportunities  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threats| || SWOT Matrix| | Strengths A firm’s strengths are its resources and capabilities tha t can be used as a basis for developing a competitive advantage. Examples of such strengths include: * patents * strong brand names * good reputation among customers * cost advantages from proprietary know-how * exclusive access to high grade natural resources * favorable access to distribution networks Weaknesses The absence of certain strengths may be viewed as a weakness. For example, each of the following may be considered weaknesses: * lack of patent protection * a weak brand name * poor reputation among customers * high cost structure * lack of access to the best natural resources * lack of access to key distribution channels In some cases, a weakness may be the flip side of a strength. Take the case in which a firm has a large amount of manufacturing capacity. While this capacity may be considered a strength that competitors do not share, it also may be a considered a weakness if the large investment in manufacturing capacity prevents the firm from reacting quickly to changes in the strategic nvironment. Opportunities The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunities for profit and growth. Some examples of such opportunities include: * an unfulfilled customer need * arrival of new technologies * loosening of regulations * removal of international trade barriers Threats Changes in the external environmental also may present t hreats to the firm. Some examples of such threats include: * shifts in consumer tastes away from the firm’s products * emergence of substitute products * new regulations * increased trade barriers The SWOT Matrix A firm should not necessarily pursue the more lucrative opportunities. Rather, it may have a better chance at developing a competitive advantage by identifying a fit between the firm’s strengths and upcoming opportunities. In some cases, the firm can overcome a weakness in order to prepare itself to pursue a compelling opportunity. To develop strategies that take into account the SWOT profile, a matrix of these factors can be constructed. The SWOT matrix (also known as a TOWS Matrix) is shown below: SWOT / TOWS Matrix | Strengths| Weaknesses| Opportunities| S-O strategies| W-O strategies| Threats| S-T strategies| W-T strategies| * S-O strategies pursue opportunities that are a good fit to the company’s strengths. * W-O strategies overcome weaknesses to pursue opportunities. * S-T strategies identify ways that the firm can use its strengths to reduce its vulnerability to external threats. * W-T strategies establish a defensive plan to prevent the firm’s weaknesses from making it highly susceptible to external threats. Target Market The focus of marketing effort is people. The goal is to reach a subset of the population who may be interested in your particular product. That group of people is your target market. The term target market is used because that market is the target at which you aim all your marketing efforts. The market you are trying to reach are people with common characteristics that set them apart as a group. The more you know about a target market, the more precisely you can develop your marketing strategy. The table below shows some examples of market segments (or groups): Type of Market Segment| Shared Group Characteristics| Demographic Segment| Measurable statistics such as age, income, or occupation. | Psychographic Segment| Lifestyle preferences such as music lovers or urban dwellers. Use-based Segment| Frequency of usage such as recreational drinking or traveling. | Benefit Segment| Desire to obtain the same product benefits such as luxury, thriftiness, or comfort from food. | Geographic Segment| Location such as home address or business address. | Here are examples of target segments that can be created using the above table: * Women business owners between the ages of 25 and 60 earning more than $25,000 annually form a demographic segment. * People who drive compact cars due to their fuel efficiency form a benefit segment. Design Marketing Strategies With Your Target Market In Mind The reason you need to identify a target market is because it makes strategies for designing, pricing, distributing, promoting, positioning and improving your product, service or idea easier, more effective, and more cost-effective. For example, if research shows that a sturdy recyclable package with blue lettering appeals to your target market and if you are focused on that target market, you would choose that type of packaging. If, however, you are product- or profit-oriented, rather than people oriented, you might choose to make the package out of plain styrofoam because it rotects the product (product-oriented) or because it’s cheap (profit-oriented). Or, if you know your target market is 24- to 49-year-old men who like rhythm ; blues, are frequent CD buyers, and live in urban neighborhoods, you can create an advertising message to appeal to those types of buyers. Additionally, you could buy spots on a specific radio station or TV show that appeals to this type of buyer, r ather than buying general media time. In summary, when you’re making marketing decisions and you say â€Å"kinda,† it’s costing you money. Know whom you are aiming for (your target market) and create a strategy for a direct hit. How to cite Functions of Human Resource Management, Essay examples

YMCA Management free essay sample

A paper which presents a detailed examination of quality management at the YMCA. The paper shows that the YMCA (Young Mens Christian Association) is a world-wide organization that provides many different programs and opportunities for its members. It discusses the complexity of the situation as the organization offers many different financial programs as well as participation programs. The implementation of a quality management system, therefore, is a vital component to the success of the YMCA both in individual centers as well as the overall organization. The paper stresses the importance to maintain a quality management system both at the corporate level and at the level of the individual worldwide centers. Implementing a quality management system for the worldwide organization of YMCA can be complicated. While the corporate level may design and implement a program that provides for high ethical standards it will be difficult to insure that each center will follow those standards. We will write a custom essay sample on YMCA Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It will depend on the interlocked relationship between the corporate culture and the ability to deliver a quality management system on a center-by-center basis.

The Long Telegram of George Kennan

The Long Telegram of George Kennan The Long Telegram was sent by George Kennan from the United States Embassy in Moscow to Washington, where it was received on February 22nd, 1946. The telegram was prompted by US inquiries about Soviet behavior, especially with regards to their refusal to join the newly created World Bank and International Monetary Fund. In his text, Kennan outlined Soviet belief and practice and proposed the policy of containment, making the telegram a key document in the history of the Cold War. The name long derives from the telegrams 8000-word length. US and Soviet Division The US and USSR had recently fought as allies, across Europe in the battle to defeat Nazi Germany, and in Asia to defeat Japan. US supplies, including trucks, had helped the Soviets weather the storm of Nazi attacks and then push them right back to Berlin. But this was a marriage from purely one situation, and when the war was over, the two new superpowers regarded each other warily. The US was a democratic nation helping put Western Europe back into economic shape. The USSR was a murderous dictatorship under Stalin, and they occupied a swathe of Eastern Europe and wished to turn it into a series of buffer, vassal states. The US and the USSR seemed very much opposed. The US thus wanted to know what Stalin and his regime were doing, which was why they asked Kennan what he knew. The USSR would join the UN, and would make cynical overtures about joining NATO, but as the Iron Curtain fell on Eastern Europe, the US realized they now shared the world with a huge, powerful and anti-democratic rival. Containment Kennans Long Telegram didnt just reply with insight into the Soviets. It coined the theory of containment, a way of dealing with the Soviets. For Kennan, if one nation became communist, it would apply pressure on its neighbors and they too might become communist. Hadnt Russia now spread to the east of Europe? Werent communists working in China? Werent France and Italy still raw after their wartime experiences and looking towards communism? It was feared that, if Soviet expansionism was left unchecked, it would spread over great areas of the globe. The answer was containment. The US should move to help countries at risk from communism by propping them up with the economic, political, military, and cultural aid they needed to stay out of the Soviet sphere. After the telegram was shared around government, Kennan made it public. President Truman adopted the containment policy in his Truman Doctrine and sent the US to counter Soviet actions. In 1947, the CIA spent considerable sums of money to ensure the Christian Democrats defeated the Communist Party in elections, and, therefore, kept the country away from the Soviets.​ Of course, containment was soon twisted. In order to keep nations away from the communist bloc, the US supported some terrible governments, and engineered the fall of democratically elected socialist ones. Containment remained US policy throughout the Cold War, ending in 1991, but discussed as something to be reborn when it came to US rivals ever since.

Tiger I Tank in World War II

Tiger I Tank in World War II The Tiger I was a German heavy tank that saw extensive service during World War II. Mounting the 88 mm KwK 36 L/56 gun and thick armor, the Tiger proved formidable in combat and forced the Allies to alter their armor tactics and develop new weapons to counter it. Though effective on the battlefield, the Tiger was badly over-engineered making it difficult to maintain and expensive to produce. Additionally, its heavy weight increased fuel consumption, limiting range, and made it hard to transport to the front. One of the iconic tanks of the conflict, over 1,300 Tiger Is were built. Design Development Design work on the Tiger I initially began in 1937 at Henschel Sohn in response to a call from the Waffenamt (WaA, German Army Weapons Agency) for breakthrough vehicle (Durchbruchwagen). Moving forward, the first Durchbruchwagen prototypes were dropped a year later in favor of pursuing the more advanced medium VK3001(H) and heavy VK3601(H) designs. Pioneering the overlapping and interleaved main road wheel concept for tanks, Henschel received permission from WaA on September 9, 1938, to continue development. Work progressed as World War II began with the design morphing into the VK4501 project. Despite their stunning victory in France in 1940, the German Army quickly learned that its tanks were weaker and more vulnerable than the French S35 Souma or the British Matilda series. Moving to address this issue, an arms meeting was convened on May 26, 1941, where Henschel and Porsche were asked to submit designs for a 45 tonne heavy tank. Tiger I tank under construction at Henschel plant. Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1972-064-61 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 To meet this request, Henschel brought forward two versions of its VK4501 design featuring an 88 mm gun and a 75 mm gun respectively. With the invasion of the Soviet Union the following month, the German Army was stunned to encounter armor that was vastly superior to their tanks. Fighting the T-34 and KV-1, German armor found that their weapons were unable to penetrate the Soviet tanks in most circumstances. The only weapon that proved effective was the 88 mm KwK 36 L/56 gun. In response, WaA immediately ordered that prototypes be equipped with the 88 mm and ready by April 20, 1942. In trials at Rastenburg, the Henschel design proved superior and was selected for production under the initial designation Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H. While Porsche had lost the competition, he provided the nickname Tiger. Essentially moved into production as a prototype, the vehicle was altered throughout its run. Tiger I DimensionsLength: 20 ft. 8 in.Width: 11 ft. 8 in.Height: 9 ft. 10 in.Weight: 62.72 tonsArmor ArmamentPrimary Gun: 1 x 8.8 cm KwK 36 L/56Secondary Armament: 2 x 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34Armor: 0.98–4.7 in.EngineEngine: 690 hp Maybach HL230 P45Speed: 24 mphRange: 68-120 milesSuspension: Torsion SpringCrew: 5 Features Unlike the German Panther tank, the Tiger I did not draw inspiration from the T-34. Rather than incorporate the Soviet tanks sloping armor, the Tiger sought to compensate by mounting thicker and heavier armor. Featuring firepower and protection at the expense of mobility, the Tigers look and layout were derived from the earlier Panzer IV. For protection, the Tigers armor ranged from 60 mm on the side hull plates to 120 mm at the front of the turret. Building on the experience garnered on the Eastern Front, the Tiger I mounted the formidable 88 mm Kwk 36 L/56 gun. This gun was aimed using Zeiss Turmzielfernrohr TZF 9b/9c sights and was renowned for its accuracy at long range. For power, the Tiger I featured a 641 hp, 21-litre, 12-cylinder Maybach HL 210 P45 engine. Inadequate for the tanks massive 56.9 tonne weight, it was replaced after the 250th production model with a 690 hp HL 230 P45 engine. Featuring torsion bar suspension, the tank used a system of interleaved, overlapping road wheels running on a wide 725 mm (28.5 in) wide track. Due to the extreme weight of the Tiger, a new twin radius type steering system was developed for the vehicle. Another addition to the vehicle was the inclusion of a semi-automatic transmission. Within the crew compartment was space for five. This included the driver and radio operator which were situated in the front, as well as loader in the hull and the commander and gunner in the turret. Due to the Tiger Is weight, it was not capable of using most bridges. As a result, the first 495 produced featured a fording system that allowed the tank to pass through water 4 meters deep. A time consuming process to use, it was dropped in later models which were only capable of fording 2 meters of water. Tiger I crew making track repairs in the field. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-310-0899-15 / Vack / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Production Production on the Tiger began in August 1942 in order to rush the new tank to the front. Extremely time-consuming to build, only 25 rolled off the production line in the first month. Production peaked at 104 per month in April 1944. Badly over-engineered, the Tiger I also proved expensive to build costing more than twice as much as a Panzer IV. As a result, only 1,347 Tiger Is were built as opposed to over 40,000 American M4 Shermans. With the arrival of the Tiger II design in January 1944, Tiger I production began to wind down with the last units rolling out that August. Operational History Entering combat on September 23, 1942, near Leningrad, the Tiger I proved formidable but highly unreliable. Typically deployed in separate heavy tank battalions, Tigers suffered high breakdown rates due to engine problems, the overly complicated wheel system, and other mechanical issues. In combat, Tigers had the ability to dominate the battlefield as T-34s equipped with 76.2 mm guns and Shermans mounting 75 mm guns were unable to penetrate its frontal armor and only had success from the side at close range. Due to the superiority of the 88 mm gun, Tigers often had the ability to strike before the enemy could reply. Though designed as a breakthrough weapon, by the time they saw combat in large numbers Tigers largely were used to anchor defensive strong points. Effective in this role, some units were able to achieve kill ratios exceeding 10:1 against Allied vehicles. Despite this performance, the Tigers slow production and high cost relative to its Allied counterparts made such a rate insufficient to overcome the enemy. Through the course of the war, the Tiger I claimed 9,850 kills in exchange for losses of 1,715 (this number includes tanks recovered and returned to service). The Tiger I saw service until the end of the war despite the arrival of the Tiger II in 1944. Fighting the Tiger Threat Anticipating the arrival of heavier German tanks, the British began development of a new 17-pounder anti-tank gun in 1940. Arriving in 1942, QF 17 guns were rushed to North Africa to help deal with the Tiger threat. Adapting the gun for use in an M4 Sherman, the British created the Sherman Firefly. Though intended as a stopgap measure until newer tanks could arrive, the Firefly proved highly effective against the Tiger and over 2,000 were produced. American forces with a captured Tiger I tank in North Africa, 1943. US Army Arriving in North Africa, the Americans were unprepared for the German tank but made no effort to counter it as they did not anticipate seeing it in significant numbers. As the war progressed, Shermans mounting 76 mm guns had some success against Tiger Is at short range and effective flanking tactics were developed. In addition, the M36 tank destroyer, and later the M26 Pershing, with their 90 mm guns also were capable of achieving victory. On the Eastern Front, the Soviets adopted a variety of solutions for dealing with the Tiger I. The first was to restart production of the 57 mm ZiS-2 anti-tank gun which possessed the penetrative power pierce the Tigers armor. Attempts were made to adapt this gun to the T-34 but without meaningful success. In May 1943, the Soviets fielded the SU-152 self-propelled gun which used in an anti-tank role proved highly effective. This was followed by the ISU-152 the next year. In early 1944, they began production of the T-34-85 which possessed an 85 mm gun capable of dealing with the Tigers armor. These up-gunned T-34s were supported in the wars final year by SU-100s mounting 100 mm guns and IS-2 tanks with 122 mm guns.

ANALYZE STARBUCKS COFFEE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ANALYZE STARBUCKS COFFEE - Essay Example Starbucks is a company which has throughout its history displayed a high capacity for being able to manage the workforce within it, and the competent management of its staff in its different stores has enabled the company to become highly successful, as those who work for it are motivated by its management ability (Fitzgerald, 2013). The wide range of coffee and other products which this company has put at it customers’ disposal means that it has to hire and maintain a large workforce in order to be able to function effectively. Unlike other companies in the same industry, Starbucks tends to be very careful and selective with the management of its staff because of the need to continuously make a profit. As a result of the competence that has been shown when dealing with its multi-cultural workforce, and also being able to venture into countries which speak different languages, Starbucks has come to achieve success on the international scene where other companies take years to achieve the same. The use of technological innovations has been found to be a very important aspect when running a company such as Starbucks because it is these innovations which have enabled this company to get customers and to make them remain loyal for many decades. It was realized early by the Starbucks management that it has to be innovative in order to survive the very competitive market that is predominant in the world today. It has been found that the key to Starbucks’ worldwide success is that people everywhere know what to expect when they go to the stores that it owns but this does not mean that this company has made any resistance to any changes or that it has refused to adapt when local customs require flexibility (Day & Moorman, 2013). In addition, it is a fact that this company has come to establish internal social networks to give its employees the opportunity to connect with the management and to support each other. This network has come to provide a space fo r the company’s stores to share ideas, best practices, as well as customer stories, and there is also a forum section that is currently being used to encourage dialogue between Starbucks’ management and its employees as well as discussions between employees from the different stores within the chain. The use of such technology has been proven to be successful in getting the employees more involved with both the company’s management as well as fellow employees. The introduction of new technology to aid its employees in their work is one of the most important policies that Starbucks has taken in hand. While in many other companies in the market it has been often found that resistance to change is often related to the introduction of new technology in place of the old ones which many employees are used to, this has not been the case with Starbucks. In fact, the opposite is true because the introduction of new technology at Starbucks has become immensely attractive to the younger generation of workers, who are often quick to adjust to its use, and the older employees have surprisingly not been left out since they have embraced the new technology without offering any resistance to its use, as would have been expected. In order to encourage its employees to adapt to the new technological changes within their stores, the management of Starbucks organizes training in the use of the new technology

A7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A7 - Assignment Example When talking about permanent employment, public employers have a responsibility to provide the employees with a secure and predictable retirement plan. This is because the employer will most likely work with the employee for all his or her working years until he or she retires. In this perspective, the employer has the chance to plan with the employee for his or her retirement based on the position that the employee holds in the organization (Walsh, 2006). Even where the employee may leave the place of work for another place or be fired because of misconduct, the employer still has a responsibility to provide a secure plan so that the employee knows this beforehand. The plan can be cancelled when the employee leaves ahead of time. Public employers do not have a responsibility to provide employees with a secure and predictable retirement plan where the employee works for a short-term contract or where the organization offers employment only on short-term contract plans. In this perspective, it will be difficult to provide such a plan because the employee will not stay with the company until they retire. As much as the public employer might have the responsibility to provide employees with a secure and predictable retirement plan, employees must also plan for themselves because the organization might close down any time within the employment period because of money problems or other issues. This would definitely put pressure on the employee in case he or she did not have a proper retirement plan. Comment on first thread: the writer comments on the issue in an excellent manner because he links current practice to past practice. He also links the issue with the current problems making it difficult for retirement plans to work. Comment on thread two: while the second thread is short, the writer offers reasons as to why he feels that public employers should provide their employees with a secure and predictable retirement plan. The

Gender Discrimination At Workplace Sociology Essay

Gender Discrimination At Workplace Sociology Essay The reason to conduct this research is to gain knowledge and insight about various factors which results in Gender Discrimination and the problems and hurdles which women face in todays work environment. Two sectors mainly public and private were taken in an account in order to know that in which sector Gender Discrimination greatly take place. Important factors sought include: organizational climate, society and attitude. I would like to know the perception of both men and women on the above mentioned factors and that how these factors influences Gender Discrimination. The mean of research, which I adopted for my research are research paper study, interviews and questionnaires from both men and women. I segregated the selected population according to eight socio-economic classes: GENDER AGE INCOME OCCUPATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATUS ORGANIZATION Male 20-60 10,000-above Public and Private Graduate, masters, M.phil, Phd Single, Divorced, Married Female 20-60 10,000-above Public and Private Graduate, masters, M.phil, Phd Single, Divorced, Married I have found out variety of answers from questionnaires and interviews under different circumstances. ABSTRACT: This paper presents the major factors which greatly influence and result in the Gender Discrimination at work place. To find out that, I have floated fifty questionnaire (30 women and 20 men) in both private and public sector as well as took three interviews from both high management and font line staff ( 2 females and 1 male) in order to know different perception of people in different sectors about Gender Discrimination. Further more, this paper talks about the impact of organizational norms and culture on the female employees performance, comfort at job and perceived growth. This study is focused on governmental organization, private organization, educational institute and public private hospitals. It is concluded that, there is a Gender Discrimination at workplace and women are treated unfairly at their jobs as compared to men. But this discrimination is because of the society in which we live in and because of the different family laws and perception which people have due to dif ferent backgrounds. Also organizational climate as a whole dont effectively influence gender discrimination. Its influence is less then the other two factors which are society and attitude. INTRODUCTION: In an age where we talk about equal rights for men and women, there are still occurrences of people being discriminated against because of their gender. Gender discrimination is not an issue, which one can ignore or tolerate silently. People should realize that gender discrimination at workplace is a serious form of employment discrimination, which should not be discharged. Gender based discrimination is defined as undesirable action or differential treatment against a person that would not have occurred if the person had been of another sex. Gender discrimination is considered as a serious form of injustice and is illegal in certain circumstances in most of the countries around the world. There is a need to develop organizational culture compatible to societal values that supports and motivates more women to participate in the economic and national development activities. There is a challenging task for the organization in future to retain and welcome the rapidly increasing womens participation in the work force both in public and private sector. . BACKGROUND INFORMATION: While some bias is open and overt, much more of it is hidden. We all have hidden biases about particular groups, places, and things. Hidden bias stems from our everyday sense of the way things are, which informs our everyday workplace interactions. Bias affects what we notice about people, how we interpret their behavior and what we remember about them. We tend to notice, interpret and remember behavior that reinforces our biases. These assumptions are pervasive: both men and women make them. The biases that result affect our interactions both with people we know and with people we dont know. Gender bias, specifically, is our assumptions about the characteristics of men and women. For example, men generally are assumed to be aggressive, reliable, and competent and committed to their careers. Every day each one of us makes small judgments about individuals based on everyday assumptions that arise automatically. Research has shown that men benefit more from their accomplishments than women, and even small inequity accumulate over time and cause women to advance at a slower rate then men. The following are the most common patterns of gender bias encountered in the workplace. Maternal wall The strongest and most explicit bias in todays workplace is against mothers. Generally, maternal wall bias is generating when motherhood becomes salient or obvious to managers and colleagues. This typically occurs when a woman announces that she is pregnant, returns from maternity leave, or adopts a part-time or flexible schedule. Maternal wall bias stems from assumptions that mothers are not as competent as others, are not as committed to their jobs, and belongs at home because they cant be both good mothers and good workers. Competency The truth of the common saying women must try twice as hard to achieve half as much is documented by more than a quarter century of social science. Women need to provide more evidence of job-related skills than their male counterparts before they are viewed as competent. Additionally, women are allowed fewer mistakes than men before they are judged incompetent. Role Reversal Behavior that is acceptable in men often is considered unacceptable in women. A woman in a traditionally masculine job may be called hard to work with or too ambitious for the same behavior that helps a man establish himself as assertive and having leadership potential. The unspoken view in such situations is that women should be helpful, warm, understanding, and kind. In some workplaces, women are seen either as likable, dependentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦traditional women who are nice but incompetent or as dominant, nontraditional women who are competent, but are disliked for violating unspoken norms that women should be inclusive and nurturing. The Gender Wars Workplaces create conflict among women when they evince approval of women who adhere to traditional feminine stereotypes (passive, nurturing, and allowing male supervisors to take the spotlight), but disapproval for women who buck such stereotypes. The most common workplace conflict among women is the generational conflict between older women who made it to the highest levels in their companies by closely following a traditional masculine career path and younger women who seek more flexible options, including part-time work. Because most gender bias is subtle rather than overt, policies and procedures that appear to be a facially neutral, objective, and job-related may be applied in ways that lead to fewer hiring and promotion opportunities, lower compensation, poor performance evaluations, more frequent disciplinary actions, and greater termination rates among women. These patterns result when managers base their employment decisions on biases rather than job performance. Decisions based on bias rather than legal job related reasons often will end up penalizing talented workers and rewarding less talented ones. As a result, such decisions may well expose productivity and negatively affect employee morale. In our research I have first begin by identifying gender bias, focusing on public and private sectors and then comparing and contrasting the working environments in both corporate cultures, and then analyzing how rampant gender bias against women is, in both scenarios. RESEARCH INTREST: This research is being conduct to know what the level of gender discrimination at work place. What problems are arising due to gender biasness and what are the consequences of this? How is it affecting the society, peoples life and business world? And the main reasons which lead to gender discrimination at work place. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY: I have conducted this research in order to know that to what extent there is a gender bias at workplace. What are the reasons and what problems are created due to this gender discrimination at work place? Through this research we can come up with the solution to the problem of gender discrimination. Also this can help to make people aware of this prevailing problem of gender biases and the reasons of its occurrence. And the negatives and positive affect of this on the business world and personal lives of men/women. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study is to Study gender bias in the workplace and focus on the distinction made between a man and woman in a working environment on the basis of professionalism, integrity, and respect, and gauging whether this phenomena has decreased with the passage of time and awareness, or if it has become worse. Study the problems which female employees go through in their job due to society, family pressure and work environment. Study that in which sector, discrimination mainly exists. LITERATURE REVIEW: Sex Discrimination in Hiring: The Influence of Organizational Climate and Need for Approval on Decision Making Katz (1987) conducted a research to find out that whether the organizational climate affects the hiring and decision making or not. He conducted an experiment in Northeastern University. One hundred and sixty males were taken as a sample of age 24- 25 years. He created two artificial organizational environments i.e. discriminatory and non-discriminatory. All the participants were divided into two and were given job descriptions of the organization along with resumes of both males and females. They were also given a scale on which they have to arrange their rà ©sumà ©s. That scale has four variables hiring, salary, fit and longevity. The participants who were taking part in that experiment had to act as a manger and take decisions accordingly. The result which was extracted from the study was that men were given high priority and value in discriminatory organization on hiring, salary, fit and longevity.Whereas, male and female both enjoy equal rights in non-discriminatory environment. The finding of the above mentioned research was all hypothetical and has internal validity. The participants who took part in the experiment were asked to imagine that they are mangers which can result in the real life findings. Sex discriminatio n is an on going process in today society and has to eliminate from a real life experiment which should have external validity and whose findings can be applied in further studies. Sexual Harassment at Workplace: Phillis (2000) in her research paper has reviewed three court cases studies on the respective topic sexual harassment at workplace. She, in her research with the reference of the court case studies wants to find out different forms and effects of sexual harassment women faces at their workplace. The court case study shows that the women are treated very badly at their workplace. They are asked for the physical favors as well as men find different ways and excuses to physically touch them. Females at their workplace are also exposed with bad sexual jokes and pictures which not make them uncomfortable while working but also have bad psychological effects on their minds which ultimately results in the choice between their job and security. Sexual harassment is a very serious problem which still practiced in todays society, government should laws and policies which prohibit this act in an organization. Sexual Harassment at Workplace: Experience of Women at Health Sectors Chaudhuri (2006) conducted a research to investigate the perspective of sexual harassment at health sector. For her research, she has done exploratory research and has under taken four hospitals, two governments and two private. The entire research was qualitative as this issue is quite sensitive. One hundred and forty one women employees take part in this research of age around 20-59. Three group interviews, forty informal interviews and one hundred and thirty five in-depth interviews ere taken from the participants of both public and private hospitals and from that it has been observed that females employees are not only experience verbal and psychological harassment but also male employees touch them physically. Mostly nurses and junior doctors experience sexual harassment. Complaints by them were not given any value and importance and hence no actions were taken against sexual harassment which shows the power disparity among men and women. No proper laws are made in this sector w hich eventually results in the fear and insecurity in the mind of females. Salary Structure Effects and Gender Pay Gap in Academia Barbezat and Hughes (2005) based their study of gender salary gap and discrimination on The National Faculty Survey Data (1999). National Faulty Survey conducted their research by taking in account nine hundred and sixty institutions both public and private of fifty different states and two thousand five hundred and seventy six full and part time employees both males and females associated with these institutions. Authors basic aim was to find out the salary gap between males and females who have similar responsibilities and work positions. From the survey, it has been concluded that men earns 20.7% more than that of women of the same post and responsibilities. The percentage is high at the professional institutions as compared to the art institutions. Men also enjoy more benefits and compensation then women. This issue has to be eliminated and need to be studied more. Gender Discrimination at the Labor Market Lissenburgh (2001) in his paper uses National Survey Data and Human Capital Theory to find out the degree and gender discrimination at the UK labor market (1990s). From the data of the National Survey, the part time female employees faces lot of salary and benefit issues as compared to full time female employees. According to the Human Capital Theory education, training and experience play a great impact on pay gap. There will be an increase of 10% in the women pays only if they pay more attention to the human capital factors. This is also one of the reason, part time female employees get less salary as compared to full time. Government should make such policies which should bound companies to pay all men and women equal pays. Determinate of Gender Based Wage Discrimination in Pakistan: a Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach Yasin et.al(2010) conducted an empirical study to find out the two main points that wage difference among men and women and development in labor market (1999-2008) Pakistan while keeping socio-culture and individual factors in consideration. All the data and information was collected from secondary source mainly from Labor Force Survey [(2007-2008) conducted by Federal Bureau of Statistics], ministry of industry report. The sample which the Labor Force survey under took for their survey was eighteen thousand nine hundred and twelve household one million individuals from all the four provinces of Pakistan between the ages of 14-65 years. These samples contain both upper and lower level of employees. The results from the survey and from all the reports was that with the passage of time gender discrimination is increasing and the reason behind this is the level of education, experience and organization culture. They also show that gender discrimination mostly apply to those women who are married and have children because then ultimately they have to give more time to their family and children and less to their work. Also our society doesnt allow married women to work 9-5 job. Gender discrimination is an ongoing process and has to be eliminated for the better economic growth of the country. Government should make certa in policies which results in reduction of discrimination. Gender earning inequality and discrimination in Pakistani Labor Market Farooq in his research paper estimate the monthly wage/earning difference between men and women in Pakistani labor market on the findings of Pakistan Standard and Labor Market (PSLM) Survey (2004-2005). The purpose for which this survey was used to find out the Human and non-capital factors for the wage difference in Pakistan. This survey has all the relevant information needed to find out the gender pay gap. The sample which was used in the survey had ninety one thousand three hundred and nineteen household both males and females out of which 51.6% were males of mean age 36 and 48.4% were females of mean age 32. The results which was carried out by author with the help of PSLM survey was that the gender pay gap is increasing and the reason behind that is education and experience of females. Also he found out that males enjoy more benefits and incentives than females. An Analysis of Occupational Choice in Pakistan: a multinomial Approach Nasir (2005) conducted his research on the data of Pakistan Integrated Household Survey [PIHS (2001-2002)] and multinomial log model of occupation choice for males and females to find out the occupational structure and how different factors, human and individual factors, help individuals to choose their occupation. The sample of Pakistan Integrated Household Survey which was conducted by Federal Bureau of statistics was fourteen thousands eight hundred and twenty five house hold which was divided in to two categories that are regular wages and salaries worker and second was self employed and employer. One more sample which was taken by them was thirteen thousand seven hundred and ninety three individuals out of which eleven thousand five hundred and seventy three were males and tow thousand two hundred and twenty were females of ages 10-65. The information which was important for this sample was age, earning, marital status, occupation and education. From this survey and multinomial log model of occupation, the results which were carried out were that education play significant role in choosing the job. Men choose that job which pay good salary and give them more benefits. They mainly choose job on human capital factors rather than on human factors. Author also states that, there are certain factors which play great and important role while choosing of occupation but if there were no factors than there will be an efficiency in the economic growth and women will get chance to come in front to the market with their talents and skills. Occupational segregation results in lowering of the wages and benefits of female employees. Human capital factors (education, experience and training) play a significant role in choosing jobs. Occupational choice greatly impact women as they have to look for their family and children and because of that they have less opportunities then men. To eliminate this concept more job types for women have to open and also there should be equ ality in work place and married women should be given certain benefits so that they can manage their time and work both. As education is one of an important factor therefore women education should be promoted. Organizational Culture: Impact on Female Employees Job Performance Irfan et.al (2009) conducted a research to find out the impact of organizational culture and environment on the performance of female employee. According to author, organization should develop such environment which allows women to work comfortably and attractively and has to be free from biasness. He conducted a research in three services sectors i.e. education sector, banking sector and information technology sector. Stratified random sampling was used. Three hundred females were sampled, hundred from each sector. One hundred and seven questionnaires were distributed among them asking the question on how much organization culture has impact on female employee performance. The results which were extracted from the research were that organizational environment play an important role on the performance of female employment. Organizational environment can make the work place attractive and supportive. Also not only organizational environment but attitude of peers, work environment and support from the family also play a significant role on the female performance. Discrimination in the Health Care Industry: a Research on Public Hospital Ozcan et.al (2011) conducted a research to find out a discriminatory behavior in public hospitals and the reasons and way through which this behavior can be reduced. He conducted a research in public hospitals by distributing questionnaires among three hundred fifty one health care employees and by taking semi-structured interviews from five health care employees from each hospital. The result which was extracted from the research was that there are three types of discrimination mainly ideology, vocational and gender discrimination. Ideological and vocational discrimination mainly results from political and professional views whereas gender discrimination mainly occurs at piratical society where there is male dominance and they enjoy every benefits and advantage of life. Also gender discrimination take place because of societal and cultural factors which prohibits women to work outside and should take care of her home. Discrimination whether it is ideological, vocational or gender sh ould be eliminated in order to increase the economics growth and give platform to females to show their talents. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK: Gender discrimination at work place Society Organizational climate Attitude Hiring Bias managerial decisions Salary Benefits Promotion Religion Culture Family law Social stigmata Women education Peer pressure Maternal wall Male dominance Mental capabilities Physical strength of women INDEPENTANT AND DEPENTANT VARIABLES: Dependant: gender discrimination at work place Independent: organizational climate, society and attitude. OPERATIONAL DEFINATION: Organizational climate: Organizational climate is the process of measure the culture of an organization. It is a set of properties of the work environment, perceived directly or indirectly by the employees, that is assumed to be a major force in influencing employee behavior. I have taken it as an independent variable as it directly results in gender discrimination at work place. Organizational climate have a great impact when hiring new employees or when setting their salaries or when giving them benefits. Also managers play a great role in an organization as in male dominating organization manager usually does bias decision with regards to women. This result in Dissatisfaction of women in working environment Large number of problems faced by women in an organization Less benefits given to women in an organization Mental stress Less importance and value given to women work and decisions Society: The norms and expectations a community has regarding a women role in society as a home worker. Society is also taken as an independent variable as it directly results in gender discrimination at work place. It is social stigmata that in Pakistan, working women are taken and seen in a bad way also women are not allowed to work outside their homes as it has been taken against their family law. Also religion is one of the factor which stop women to work outside their house. Women are given less importance in our society as well as there is a great discrimination in families to. Girls are given less value and importance in some families which ultimately effect their education and results in less experienced and educated women. Culture also plays a significant role in gender discrimination. This result in Less economic growth Less talent pool Less opportunities for women Attitude: Attitudes are probably one of the most important independent variables that lead to gender discrimination at the workplace. Peer pressure, male dominance all play a significant part in women feeling under pressure at the workplace. Their colleagues may act cold, or not deem them capable enough to handle projects and tasks that are essential to professional growth. Mothers, especially, are highly discriminated against, because of the reason that a mother will not be devoting full attention and focus to her work, instead she will be more focused on her children; hence they should not be hired, because it will cost the company. Also it is believed that women are physically and mentally less strong and capable then men. This result in Sexual harassment Less opportunists for married women Gender Discrimination: biases against women in terms of organizational decision. It encompasses salary, hiring, promotion etc. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Relationship between organizational climate and gender discrimination, and how it affects the performance, salary, benefits and recruitment of women. How society, prohibits women to work outside and affect their personal and professional lives and result in gender discrimination? How women works and treated in male dominated society and how peer pressure effect women professional life? HYPOTHESIS: H1: culture in an organization is a cause of gender discrimination at workplace. Ho: culture in an organization is not a cause of gender discrimination at workplace. H2: society is a factor effecting gender discrimination at workplace. Ho: society is not a factor effecting gender discrimination at workplace. H3: attitude does results in gender discrimination at workplace. Ho: attitude doesnt results in gender discrimination at workplace. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Type of research: I have done both primary and secondary research. Primary Research: Primary research is very important as it give different perspective of people on one single issue thats gender discrimination at workplace in my case. I have interviewed from senior executives of organizations and frontline employees. Then I had also distributing questionnaires among the employees of selected organization to know the further information they have regarding the topic. Secondary Research: Secondary research is also very important as it give the supporting knowledge about respective topic and also help one to correct what has been done wrong previously. For secondary research I have taken in account ten published research papers of scholars which help me to find respective independent variables with I have used for both my interview and questionnaires questions. The research paper which I have taken mostly have either research done by scholars by them selves or they have base their research or theories or research done by special departments like world statistic bureau and world census bureau. Tool of Research: The tools of research which I have taken in account for my research paper are as follows: Research paper study: Different research papers written and published by different scholars are taken in account. From reading these papers I have also taken out important independent variables which help me to formulate my primary research. Questionnaires: Questionnaire is also one of the research tools for my researches which give me the approximate ratio of the different thinking of people both men and women. The type of scales which I have used in my questionnaires are as follows: Simple attitude rating: it is the most simple form of scale in which either respondent agrees or disagree with the question. Like YES or NO Category scale: it is a kind of scale which provide respondent different category of responses with alternative rating. Like NEVER, RARELY, SOMETIMES, OFTEN. Likert scale: this is a form of rating scale which allows respondents to indicate that how strongly they agree or disagree with any statement. Like STRONGLY DISAGREE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦STRONGLY AGREE. Interviews: interviews will help me to get spontaneous and quick feed back from both executive level and frontline level employees. The types of interviews which I have taken are personal interviews, they are the one in which face to face questions has been asked. The questions are both in formal and in formal way. Target Population: Questionnaires: I have circulated fifty questionnaires among the employees of an organization. Out of sixty, thirty has been filed by women and twenty by men. The target population which I have selected is both from public and private sectors. Interviews: I have interviewed from the senior and frontline managers of an organization. The totally interview which I will be conducting will be three in number. Two form senior manager and one from frontline staff. Sampling: The type of sampling which I have used for my research is QUOTA SAMPLING; this is a non probability sampling procedure that ensures that the population which has been selected has some common features which researcher wants. I have used this type of sampling because I will be only taking interviews of those people and making my questionnaire filled from those people who are working in a particular organization. Interviews: I had taken three interviews, two from senior management and one from frontline staff. Ages ranges from 28-60. Two senior management are from SMEDA and BYCO PETROLEUM out of which one is male and one is female. Where as, I have interviewed women (front line staff) from PASSCO. For respondents responses look at appendix 2. Questionnaires: I had circulated fifty questionnaires, thirty from female employees ages ranges from 25-45 and twenty from male employees ages ranges from 25-60. All the participants whom I selected were from private (byco petroleum, LACAS and surgemaid) and public (PASSCO, SMEDA, CMH and Garrison school). For questionnaire look at appendix 1. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA: I floated fifty questionnaires among fifty respondents, out of which thirty were female employees and twenty were male employees. I floated my questionnaires both in public and private sector. I did multiple regression using stat graphics on the data which I collected from the questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis includes any techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. The results which I computed from regression are as follows: The above are the values which are commuted from multiple regression. Dependant variable in the above table is gender discrimination where as the independent variables are attitude, organizational climat

Alexander Hamilton Essay

I consider Napoleon, Fox, and Hamilton the three greatest men of our epoch, and if I were forced to decide between the three, I would give without hesitation the first place to Hamilton. He divined Europe. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. So begins the biography of Alexander Hamilton on the web page from Revolution to Reconstruction.   Even   Jefferson was in awe of him as he told James Madison in 1795, â€Å"Hamilton is really a colossus . . . without numbers, he is a host within himself.† – quoted by De Coralis. Alexander Hamilton was born in about1757 on the Caribbean island of Nevis. He had no birth certificate so the exact date is disputed, but he always said it was in 1757. He was one of two sons born illegitimately to a French Huguenot mother by an irresponsible Scots father who was later to abandon his family. His mother died of yellow fever when he was only 13, having been imprisoned for adultery at the instigation of her husband , who then managed to successfully sue for all her meagre assets, leaving the two boys with nothing. All his life Hamilton was aware that people knew of his beginnings and discussed them behind his back. After his mother’s death he began to work as clerk to New Yorker Nicolas Cruger. In Cruger’s absence he ran the firm and so even as a teenager he came to learn and to manage the intricacies of international trade – something that was to be in his stead later. He also saw the dark side of trading – slavery, which he came to hate. Eventually he was to co-found an abolitionist society. Another mentor was clergyman Hugh Knox, who tutored him in both humanities and sciences. It was these mentors and other rich islanders who paid for him to study in New York at the then King’s College . (Now Columbia University). Their idea seems to have been that he study medicine and then return to set up practice. That was the theory, but the fact was that he never returned to the islands. He arrived in New York in 1773. In 1774 the first continental Congress met to decide what to do about what they saw as the tyrannical rule of England. Following the Boston Tea Party Hamilton travelled to Boston where he became convinced of the rights of the colonists. The newspapers were full of arguments for and against and Hamilton joined in when he wrote his first pamphlet â€Å"A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress,† According to   Lisa Marie de Coralis on the web page ‘From Revolution to Reconstruction’,   in 1769 Hamilton had written to a friend saying that what better way was there for a young man to change his station in life than in war. His argument was that in war it is one’s abilities rather than one’s background that counts. Considering his background it is hardly a surprising view. In the summer of 1776 the British fleet were sailing towards the city of New York and Hamilton responded quickly to a call for volunteers. He soon became captain of a group of artillerymen, even paying for their uniforms himself. He and his company fought alongside Washington and his men at Long Island and in other battles that year   His talents were recognised and he became, aged 20, aide-de-camp to General George Washington with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. It seems with hindsight that he made the right choice, for he had earlier turned down similar positions with other military leaders. He continued to be close to Washington for most of the time and was eventually among those who composed Washington’s farewell address in 1796. Valley Forge in the winter of 1777 -78 was an important time for Hamilton. Washington had some 9,000 men forced to scavenge for supplies, because of the inability of Congress to act on their behalf. All around men were starving and Hamilton realised that the   Americans would become a laughing stock if their government was seen to be unable to support its troops. There was to be an alliance with France and Hamilton, probably using the French he had leant from his mother, became interpreter. In the summer of 1779 rumours began to circulate that Hamilton was to lead a move to overthrow congress and install Washington as a dictator. Colonel John Brooks told Hamilton of these rumors adding that he had heard someone say † Mr. Hamilton could be no ways interested in the defence of this country; and therefore, was most likely to pursue such a line of conduct as his great ambition dictated.† His colleagues realised that the rumours were false. Hamilton was frustrated with Congress, no more. It   did make one thing plain though, Hamilton was, and always would be viewed as an outsider – a non-American, a major reason why, despite his massive abilities he is not included in the list of American Presidents. Other reasons given are his affair and the fact that his politics and reasoning were way above the heads of most Americans. Hamilton on the other hand firmly links himself with the American cause as when he wrote to Congressman Duane in 1780 â€Å"the defects of our present system, and the changes necessary to save us from ruin.† –   See chapter 8 ‘From Revolution to Reconstruction. In the letter he sees America as other nations would see her, with a weak congress, unable to fulfil its commitments. Much of the letter is about his financial plans for the country – not surprising for someone who was to become its treasurer. Washington was not known as a placid man. There were several spats and then in 1781, Washington felt that Hamilton was not respecting him and the two fell out. In April of that year he resigned as aide-de camp and went to stay with his new wife in Albany. From here he began his first essays on American government. â€Å"The Continentalist,† In 1781 he finally had his first command and victory at Yorktown. In January of 1782 his first child was born and two months later he resigned from the military, being appointed as Receiver of Taxes for New York. At the same time he began to study law, completing a three year course in just a few months. In 1782 he also became a congressman.   He is quoted by De Coralis as writing to Lafayette:- I have been employed for the last ten months in rocking the cradle and studying the art of fleecing my neighbours. I am now a Grave Counsellor   at law, and shall soon be a grand member of Congress. The Legislature   at their last session took it into their heads to name me pretty unanimously one of their delegates.† As a lawyer he acted in many cases involving anti-loyalists laws. One of his most important cases ensured that federal laws were to be treated as supreme over those of individual states. Hamilton could be quite outspoken. In June 1780 he write to John Laurens describing   his fellow Americans as having ‘the passiveness of sheep †¦they are determined not to be free†¦I f we are saved France and Spain must save us.’ Eventually of course they rose to the occasion, though France did contribute to the success by not allowing Britain to make full use of its military and naval powers. Despite his American nationality he admired   the British system of government . He said when addressing congress in June 1787 ‘I believe the British government forms the best model the world ever produced.’ Hamilton is one of the anonymous contributors to the Constitution, the final text of which was drawn up by James Madison in July of 1787, according to Cohen and Major ( page 511). First of all Hamilton asked for a revision of the articles of confederation. He called them to arms saying as quoted in volume 4 of his papers:- Let Americans disdain to be instruments of European greatness! Let the thirteen states, bound together by strict and indissoluble union, concur in erecting one great American system. He signed the constitution in September 1787 and when Washington took on the presidency he knew that Hamilton was the best man to take on the country’s finance and he became the first, and perhaps the greatest, Secretary to the Treasury in 1789. He served in this post from 1789 to 1795, during which period he succeeded in restoring the country’s financial position. Early in his period of office he produced lengthy reports for congress about what the country needed financially including a system of taxation and funding of the national debt. The report controversially included the need for a national bank, an idea that Washington for one did not at first approve of. In 1792 there was a stock market panic and from this time on Hamilton came under attack for his policies. In 1804 there was to be an election. During the run up Hamilton, then leader of the Federalist party and famous for arguing for freedom of speech, was heard , on more than one occasion, to be vilifying Aaron Burr, the Republican leader, vice-president and a long time enemy. He had already come out heavily against Burr in the press. Burr demanded satisfaction in the form of a duel, and despite the fact that his beloved son had died in a duel, Hamilton, after the interchange of several letters, finally conceded. It was his eleventh and last duel. Hamilton fired firs t and missed. Burr’s first shot, hit Hamilton in lower abdomen, paralysed him and he died at home the following day, having confessed to hi s doctor that he had had no intention of hitting Burr. He died   leaving a wife, seven children and a mountain of debts, having frequently undercharged clients, subsidised newspapers and having refused an army pension. The financial genius had failed to provide for himself. Neither man benefited as Burr was indicted for murder, though duelling was not outlawed in New Jersey, and though later acquitted, Burr’s political career was over, as of course was Hamilton’s. Bibliography Crystal, D. editor, The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995 Hamilton,A. Address to the Constitutional Congress, 11th June 1787, quoted by Cohen,M. and Major,J. in History in Quotations, Cassell, London ,2004. Hamilton, A., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton vol2 (1961) pages 347-8, volume 4,   page 345. Electronic Sources De Coralis, L.M. From Revolution to Reconstruction, Biography of Alexander Hamilton found 2nd June 2007   http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/hamilton/hamilxx.htm